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Introduction to Classification

Tuesday 28 May 20130 komentar


Characteristics of Life

  • Specific size and shape
  • Metabolism - the sum of all the chemical activities of the cells that provide for an organism's growth, maintenance and repair
  • Movement - Some organisms have obvious movement from muscular contraction (e.g. swim, fly, run). Some move by beating of cilia or flagella, or oozing like an amoeba. Others like corals and oysters do not move from place to place.
  • Irritability - response to a stimulus (e.g. light or chemicals such as food)
  • Growth - increase in cellular mass, and/or increase in number of cells
  • Reproduction - formation of another organism. Since viruses cannot reproduce on their own without being inside a host cell, they are not regarded as living organisms.
  • Adaptation - ability to adapt to an environment, by either seeking a more suitable environment, or by undergoing modifications to be better fitted to its present surroundings

Introduction

  • Taxonomy - the hierarchical system of naming, describing and classifying organisms using structural characteristics
  • Structural Characteristics - the features of an organism relating to structure (e.g. number of appendages, backbone, shape of leaf)
  • Characteristics that are not used for classifying - As organisms to be identified are often dead and not usually in their normal habitat, certain characteristics are not useful in identification (e.g. body temperature, habitat, movement).
  • Reasons for Classification
  1. To provide a scientific name that can be communicated by scientists (taxonomists) from different countries
  2. To show relationships between groups
  3. To identify organisms accurately (e.g. poisonous organisms)
  4. To estimate a population identifying species which may become endangered or extinct.
  5. Did You Know That...? An increase of only 2 °C due to climate change may cause coral bleaching to one of the Earth's natural wonders, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia.

    Brief Overview of the 5 Kingdoms

    KINGDOMMAIN
    CHARACTERISTICS
    EXAMPLES
    Monera
    • Unicellular
    • Prokaryotic
    • Cell wall usually
    • Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
    • Bacteria
    • Cyano-bacteria (blue-green algae)
    Protista
    • Unicellular
    • Eukaryotic
    • Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
    • Paramecium
    • Amoeba
    • Some algae
    • Slime moulds
    Fungi
    • Unicellular or multicellular
    • Eukaryotic
    • Heterotrophic
    • Cell wall
    • No chloroplasts
    • Mushrooms
    • Moulds
    • Yeast
    Plantae
    • Unicellular or multicellular
    • Eukaryotic
    • Autotrophic
    • Cell wall
    • Chloroplasts
    Animalia
    • Unicellular or multicellular
    • Eukaryotic
    • Heterotrophic
    • No cell walls nor chloroplasts
    • Humans
    • Birds
    • Worms
    • Spiders
    • Coral


    Classification of Living Organisms

    • Classification within a Kingdom - Kingdom, Phylum (or Division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
    • Mnemonic - King Paul Cries Out For Good Soup
    • Species - a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can reproduce naturally to produce fertile offspring
    RANK OF TAXONOMYHUMANCRAYFISHBOTTLEBRUSHPARAMECIUM
    KINGDOMAnimaliaAnimaliaPlantaeProtista
    PHYLUM or
    DIVISION
    ChordataArthropodaTracheophytaProtozoa
    CLASSMammaliaCrustaceaAngiospermaeCiliata
    ORDERPrimatesDecapodaMyrtalesHolotricha
    FAMILYHominidaePalinuridaeMyrtaceaeParameciidae
    GENUSHomoJasusCallistemonParamecium
    SPECIESHomo
    sapiens
    Jasus
    ialandei
    Callistemon
    linearis
    Paramecium
    caudatum


    Important Terms

    • Unicellular - composed of only one cell
    • Multicellular - composed of more than one cell; the different cells may show differentiation (i.e. specialised functions)
    • Autotrophic - able to obtain energy from a source that is from the physical environment, by using light energy (photosynthetic) or chemical energy (chemosynthetic)
    • Heterotrophic - need to obtain their energy from other living organisms or their dead remains
    • Prokaryotic - simple cell types that do not contain organelles in membranes; usually smaller than eukaryotic cells (e.g. bacteria)
    • Eukaryotic - complex cell types that contain organelles enclosed in membranes
    • Radial Symmetry - ability to be divided into many equal parts along radii (e.g. top view of a jellyfish)
    • Bilateral Symmetry - ability to be divided into two mirror-like parts (e.g. front view of a human)

    Making a Dichotomous Key

    Example: Here are two examples of keys to show how to key out organisms, such as a kangaroo, a cow, a bee and a spider. Shown are a branching key and a numbered key.
    Dichotomous Key
    Dichotomous Key

    1a. Internal skeleton......go to 2
    1b. No internal skeleton......go to 3
    2a. Pouch present......kangaroo
    2b. Pouch absent......cow
    3a. Six legs......bee
    3b. Not six legs......spider
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